People with this mindset are more likely to increase their risk by taking chances. All rights reserved. The advantage of the case control methodology is that, instead of focusing on the factors that accidents have in common, and possibly being misled by characteristics common to most pilots/flights, it identifies characteristics that set accidents apart and contribute to their occurrence. endobj pascal wager: definitive edition. 0000003776 00000 n For example, while performing some work for one of my post-retirement clients, I evaluated 29 TAA fatal accidents and applied a simple test. It is my view that, fundamentally, most general aviation fatal accidents are risk-management accidents. It allows humans to cope with the prospect of injury or death. The current student pilot start figures ought to be sobering to anyone in general aviation who is willing to admit that weve got to stop selling to ourselves if we are to survive and that $150,000 sport aircraft may not be the answer. That the industry is clinging to these concepts may be as much due to culture as to bureaucratic ineptitude. <>/Border[0 0 0]/Contents(CORE Scholar)/Rect[72.0 650.625 170.125 669.375]/StructParent 1/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> 953 0 obj few accidents involving them, making any comparison of accidents rates between TAA and con-ventional aircraft statistically suspect. <>>>>> 2023 Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association, Inspiration, advice, jobs found at WAI conference, Garmin GFC 500 autopilot approved for more aircraft models. As I often say, I was on the first lifeboat out-ahead of the women and children. It was a sad day when I sold my motorcycle. It is a mixed bag, however.The FAA has revised many of the training handbooks, such as the Instrument Flying Handbook, to address TAA issues and has issued completely new manuals, such as the Risk Management Handbook. Using all resources. Deciding that there is no more that can be done or that the safety plan is good enough can become hazardous when an individual gives up in the face of demanding situations. For example, the invention of the global positioning system (GPS) caused some pilots to lose previously ingrained navigation skills and neglect standard procedures. Rigorously evaluating the situation, including its risks, is vital to ensuring a safe work environment. The decision-making process in-volves awareness of our situation. )z 0000019118 00000 n Most of FAAs training emphasis is on airline training, especially after the Colgan Buffalo accident.Considerable progress also has occurred in the training community. 0000001028 00000 n 0000007464 00000 n We know that as long as we make good decisions, we should never have an accident. 0000004565 00000 n 0000007043 00000 n 0000002631 00000 n These attitudes, Anti-Authority, Impulsivity, Invulnerability, Macho, & Resignation, often lead to poor judgment and risk assessment. L> endobj 25 0 obj << /Count 19 /First 26 0 R /Last 27 0 R >> endobj 26 0 obj << /Title (\nE P?%) /A 63 0 R /Next 37 0 R /Parent 25 0 R >> endobj 27 0 obj << /Title (S;c:Dsca) /Prev 28 0 R /Parent 25 0 R /A 29 0 R >> endobj 28 0 obj << /Title (VLVAW) /Next 27 0 R /Prev 30 0 R /Parent 25 0 R /A 31 0 R >> endobj 29 0 obj << /S /Named /N /Print >> endobj 30 0 obj << /Title (iJ1^y%) /Next 28 0 R /Prev 32 0 R /Parent 25 0 R /A 33 0 R >> endobj 31 0 obj << /S /Named /N /AcroSrch:Results >> endobj 32 0 obj << /Title (.kKCQgVQ) /Next 30 0 R /Prev 34 0 R /Parent 25 0 R /A 35 0 R >> endobj 33 0 obj << /S /Named /N /AcroSrch:Query >> endobj 34 0 obj << /Title (qst#Zphfj") /A 36 0 R /Next 32 0 R /Prev 37 0 R /Parent 25 0 R /First 38 0 R /Last 39 0 R /Count 12 >> endobj 35 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 24 0 R /FitH 797 ] >> endobj 36 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 24 0 R /FitH 797 ] >> endobj 37 0 obj << /Title (~53i?YiY) /A 62 0 R /Next 34 0 R /Prev 26 0 R /Parent 25 0 R >> endobj 38 0 obj << /Title (]%) /A 61 0 R /Parent 34 0 R /Next 53 0 R >> endobj 39 0 obj << /Title (~6\\) /A 40 0 R /Prev 41 0 R /Parent 34 0 R >> endobj 40 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 7 0 R /FitH 778 ] >> endobj 41 0 obj << /Title (h^,3yk@) /A 42 0 R /Next 39 0 R /Prev 43 0 R /Parent 34 0 R >> endobj 42 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 7 0 R /FitH 585 ] >> endobj 43 0 obj << /Title (R"i4Ms) /A 44 0 R /Next 41 0 R /Prev 45 0 R /Parent 34 0 R >> endobj 44 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 4 0 R /FitH 343 ] >> endobj 45 0 obj << /Title (ZURM*@O/.YI}D) /Count 3 /Last 46 0 R /First 47 0 R /A 48 0 R /Next 43 0 R /Prev 49 0 R /Parent 34 0 R >> endobj 46 0 obj << /Title (0RHNy) /A 60 0 R /Prev 58 0 R /Parent 45 0 R >> endobj 47 0 obj << /Title (#Q? This approach favored cooperation between FAA and industry to change training doctrine, standards, and manuals without time consuming, inefficient and ineffective regulatory change. The informed consumer is probably the best agent for training change. Pilots are often tempted to use over-the-counter remedies to mask the effects of illnesses such as colds, but these remedies may have side effects that severely affect our judgment and decision making. 0000003956 00000 n Physical stress such as hot or cold temperature, high humidity, noise, vibration, and turbulence can take their toll on your decision-making ability. A good checklist for these items is the I'M SAFE checklist. 0000004755 00000 n People with this attitude want to prove themselves and will do so by taking risks to impress others. What's important is that we recognize the traits within us, understand how these traits can develop into hazardous attitudes, and develop mechanisms to readjust our thought processes as we enter the zone of hazardous attitudes and dangerous decision making. The third category is psychological stressors, and these include myriad factors such as peer pressure, self-image, get-home-itis and the hurry-up syndrome. 0000007855 00000 n That is why the last hazardous attitude is resignation. Even technologies such as synthetic vision have become the new norm. The analysis revealed several pilot- and flight-related factors associated with increased risk of accident involvement, and the recommended approaches to mitigating those risk factors are discussed in the context of three issue areas: The Safety Board emphasizes that the conclusions reached in this study are not based on a summary of accident cases, although the merits of such Board studies have proven valuable in the past. The FAA has identified five hazardous attitudes that have the potential to influence the pilots' ability to respond to "people, situations, or events" in a manner conducive to aviation safety (FAA, 2017a, p. 2-5). I recall how, on a solo cross-country training flight, my abilities were impaired by a bout of airsickness. Pilots must have a high degree of confidence in their ability to operate an airplane. 0000006343 00000 n Remember, too, that many cold remedies include alcohol as an active ingredient, so be certain not to use these before flying. Making a leap from one area to another or moving a ladder with someone on it are just a few examples. 0000003978 00000 n They are indeed crucial components of effective TAA training but todays TAA training market tends to emphasize automation management as the be-all and end-all to the training requirement. Any of these stressors can alter our perceptions to the point that we are no longer able to make realistic evaluations. It might be time to hold a meeting and discuss these safety meeting topics. Scholarly Commons | Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Research trailer 0000010522 00000 n Lightning-quick responses are essential to safety and survival in some circumstances, but in most situations, including many emergencies, its better to take some time to sort things out before committing to a course of action. None of the real-world issues mattered-sweating fuel during an unexpected hold, dealing with practical risk-management issues, coping with descents into busy terminal areas. Being an ex-FAA type, I immediately created the acronym REME to describe these folks. Aviation is full of challenges: flight planning, decision making, computing, and navigating. Accidents will happen, but it is important that everyone does what they can to prevent them from happening more. 0000005065 00000 n Physiological stressors are those that affect the functioning of our bodies and minds. xb```5L) cc`a 4)fb- Therefore, any conclusions in this report regarding relative safety must be considered as preliminary. Is bureaucratic inertia at the FAA and within the industry preventing us from getting our moneys worth? 0000018872 00000 n Keeping this attitude in check, and acknowledging limits, is important for the safety of everyone. Perhaps our built-in sense of invulnerability is a survival mechanism that allows us to cope with the prospect of injury or death. 0000004813 00000 n Accidents like this were only supposed to happen to other people. 0000001821 00000 n We may fail to stop and consider the very real risks that are involved in the actions we take. 0000004184 00000 n Hurry to feather a failed engine in a light twin, and you might inadvertently feather the wrong one. endobj If you own or fly a TAA, its time to speak up and help us move beyond the white-scarf era. Psychological stressors are the most common cause of allowing anti-authority traits to run amok. Throughout his career, he examined the human factors that cause accidents, both from a pilot and design perspective. Instead of deviating from the GPS-set path when weather conditions look bad, pilots may continue to follow GPS anyways, rather than avoiding potentially dangerous conditions. After 32 years of piloting experience, Jack Keenan joined the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) as an aviation safety inspector. When we're tired or feeling sick, we may become overwhelmed. The same goes for the macho attitude. I concluded that 25 of the accidents had a high likelihood of being prevented by using such techniques and only four accidents were really skill-related.What about the other higher order pilot skills such as automation management and single-pilot resource management? Could the accident have been prevented if the pilot had conducted effective risk management by identifying, assessing and mitigating hazards using simple and common techniques? Additionally, they often dont select the best option but instead, do the first thing that comes to mind. Commendably, it has succeeded-at least partly-in expanding the market by building products with appeal to a wider audience. 0000005523 00000 n '? That information was compared with data that regional ASIs collected about the accident flights as part of their normal investigations. Hello world! United States. A sudden wind shift, even at low speeds, can be hazardous on takeoff and landing because it can _____. 0000003678 00000 n 0000001652 00000 n He attributed much of general aviations failure to embrace modernization and change as a result of the overarching influence of what he terms, romantic, elitist, macho enthusiasts.Being an ex-FAA type, I immediately created the acronym REME to describe these folks. endobj Very real hazards are ignored for the sake of convenience or expediency. United States. Throughout this process, a pilot is called upon to evaluate five important elements: himself, the aircraft, the environment, the type of operation or flight (sightseeing, training, charter, etc. One of the projects I took on was to bring the flight training paradigm into the 21st century. Everyone from ventilation contractors to office workers is responsible for having the right attitude to ensure workplace safety. They are apt to think that it is good luck when things go well, and bad luck when things go poorly. There are many excellent automation texts, training courses and providers out there but the success of these products alone is not sufficient to reduce the higher TAA accident rate documented in the recent NTSB study. q4T. The TAA revolution really took hold in the early part of the last decade (2001-2005), and in the five years since then has matured. <>/Border[0 0 0]/Contents(International Symposium on Aviation Psychology)/Rect[360.6162 618.0547 540.0 630.9453]/StructParent 4/Subtype/Link/Type/Annot>> Remember that the symptoms of colds and other minor illnesses can be exacerbated by changes in pressure that result from changes in altitude. To ensure our customers could pass the practical test, I and my successors at Eclipse quickly moved the higher order pilot training to the mentoring phase, which is not required by the regulations if you conduct all of the training in the airplane itself, rather than a simulator. Your body cannot perform its best if it doesn't have the nutrients and fluids it needs. Even the FAA pays homage to the concept and frequently parrots it has a risk-based approach to safety oversight. They are indeed crucial components of effective TAA training but todays TAA training market tends to emphasize automation management as the be-all and end-all to the training requirement. 0000005772 00000 n For example, while performing some work for one of my post-retirement clients, I evaluated 29 TAA fatal accidents and applied a simple test. <>>>>> 0000004770 00000 n I just couldnt resist the opportunity to try and create a product that embraced all of the training concepts that I had been advocating. 0000001983 00000 n 0000005437 00000 n My hard-working colleagues and I created a program that we thought the FAA would love. 0000002512 00000 n I neglected my checklist, flew the pattern the wrong way, and landed on the wrong runway. Each letter represents one of six important factors affecting our ability to fly safely and engage in effective decision making. 229 0 obj <> endobj xref 229 28 0000000016 00000 n The only thing their guidance material emphasized was compliance with the Airline Transport Pilot and Type Rating Practical Test Standard (PTS). If you find yourself deficient in any of these areas, your decision-making ability may be compromised, and the no-go decision should be made. Impulsivity: Attempting to solve a problem with the first solution that comes to mind, rather than taking time to consider and select the best option. The result is the FAA Industry Training Standards (FITS) program. /@z [?20|y>n |,GPQ@ L/ Such stressors can severely alter our perception of the five elements of flight decision making. I immediately got to work creating a FITS-based program that would emphasize operating the Eclipse 500 single-pilot in the real world.It would detract too much from the subject of this article to discuss any of the well-known issues that Eclipse critics have harped on, so youll just have to settle for my training soapbox.